1. Rader, R.A. and Young, S.A., Federal Bio-Technology Transfer Directory: Federal Biomedical and Basic Biotechnology Inventions and Technology Transfers, 1980-1993, Biotechnology Information Institute, Rockville, MD, April 1994, 678 pages, $150.

2. Author's estimate based on recent presentations by PHS staff.

3. Based on National Science Foundation data. Note, NIH estimates total federal laboratory biomedical R&D funding to be higher, $2.83 billion in FY1992, using NSF data (see reference 4).

4. McKinley, P.E., NIH Data Book 1993, Office of Strategic Planning and Evaluation, National Institutes of Health, September 1993.

5. "Biopharmaceutical Firms Up R&D Spending 89%," BIO/TECHNOLOGY, vol. 12, July 1994, p. 652-5.

6. "Backgrounder: U.S. Pharmaceutical R&D and Sales," Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers Association, Washington, DC, February 1994. Annual survey with data from 152 companies.

7. Adler, R.G., "Technology Transfer at the Crossroads," Journal of NIH Research, August 1994, p. 47-50.

8. Rader, R.A., "The Status of the Infrastructure of Information Resources Supporting U.S. Biotechnology," in The Impact of Chemistry on Biotechnology, American Chemical Society, ACS Symposium Series, 1988, p. 372-385.

9. Rader, R.A., Zaborsky, O., et al., Federal Biotechnology Programs Directory, OMEC International, Washington, DC, 1987.

10. Rader, R.A., Zaborsky, O., et al., Federal Biotechnology Information Resources Directory, OMEC International, Washington, DC, 1987.

11. Rader, R.A., Antiviral Agents Bulletin, Biotechnology Information Institute, Rockville, MD, a monthly periodical specializing in antiviral drug and vaccine development, published since April 1988 (published by OMEC International prior to Dec. 1990).

12. "The Federal Government's Investment in New Drug Research and Development: Are We Getting Our Money's Worth," Feb. 24, 1993, a committee report for Sen. D. Pryor, Chairman, U.S. Senate Special Committee on Aging.

13. See number 4, p. 8-9.

14. Technology Profile Reports, a series published by the Technology Assessment and Forecast (TAF) program, Office of Information Systems-Office of Electronic Information Products and Services, U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, Crystal City, VA.

15. "Technology Profile Report: All Technologies Report, January 1963 - December 1993," Technology Assessment and Forecast program, U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, Crystal City, VA, April 1994.

16. "TAF Profile Report: U.S. (Federal) Government Patenting, 1/1977 - 12/1993," Technology Assessment and Forecast program, U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, Crystal City, VA, March 29, 1994.

17. "Technology Profile Report: Genetic Engineering, 1/1963 - 4/1993," U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, Crystal City, VA, July 1993.

18. The "Technology Profile Report: Drug, Bio-Affecting and Body Treating Compositions; Classes 424 and 514, 1/1969 - 4/1993," U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, Crystal City, VA, September 1993.

19. Rader, R.A., Zaborsky, O., BioINVENTION, OMEC International, Washington, DC. Annual analyses of U.S. biotechnology patents were published in BioINVENTION, 1985-1989, based on U.S. patent abstracts published in this monthly periodical. Essentially the same data were issued by the Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association (PMA, now PhRMA), Washington, DC, for the years 1986-1988. PMA/PhRMA biotech patent analyses in subsequent years were primarily based on U.S. patent classifications and database searches. An unpublished study cumulating 1986-1989 data from BioINVENTION/PMA studies is available upon request.

20. "Biotechnology," p. 23-26, in Who Invented What in 1992: With a Focus on Ten Top Technologies, by M. Dickson, MicroPatent USA, New Haven, CT, 1993, 144 pages.

21. SCRIP annual review of 1992. SCRIP, a leading phar-maceutical newsletter published by PJB Publications, New York, NY, also the publisher of PharmaProjects. The exact reference for this data is not available. This information was taken from a page in reference number 12 that quoted and presented data from this annual review.

22. "Technology Transfer: Federal Agencies' Patent Licensing Activities," Government Accounting Office, Washington, DC, GAO/RCED-91-80, April 1991.

23. See number 11. Antiviral and virus-related U.S. patents are reviewed and indexed annually, usually in the April issues.

24. Hoffman, D.C., "The AUTM Licensing Survey Executive Summary and Selected Data, Fiscal Years 1991 and 1992," Association of University Technology Managers, Norwalk, CT, October 1993, 14 pages.

25. Kaitin, K.I., Bryant, N.R. and Lasagna, L., "The Role of the Research-Based Pharmaceutical Industry in Medical Progress in the United States," Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, vol. 33, no. 5, p. 412-7, May 1993.

26. "Sources of 100 Patented Drugs," Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers Association (PhRMA), Washington, DC, 6 pages, January 3, 1994.

27. "Federal Programs Dedicated to Pharmaceutical R&D," Pharmaceutical R&D: Costs, Risks and Rewards, Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. Congress, Washington, DC, OTA-H-522, February 1993, p. 311-315.